Background This study set out to offer a three-dimensional description of scapular kinematics and scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) of healthy subjects during arm elevation and lowering, as well as to ...

Background The knowledge of 3-dimensional (3D) scapular kinematics is essential for understanding the pathological lesions of shoulder and elbow in throwing athletes. To date, a number of studies ...

The passive stiffness and strength of periscapular muscles may affect scapulohumeral control, especially in overhead athletes due to sports-specific training. This study tried to assess the ...

The scapula plays a central role in shoulder function, acting as a dynamic platform that links trunk movement to the upper limb via precise three-dimensional rotations and translations. Scapular ...

The scapula has its own set of joint actions: The shoulder girdle has a set of joint actions specific to motion of the scapula. Although this may seem like just another set of confusing terms to ...