MUHAMMAD HASAN on Instagram: "The Umayyad era (661-750 CE) achieved vast territorial expansion, spreading Islam to Spain, Central Asia, and India, establishing a centralized bureaucracy, implementing Arabization (Arabic as official language), creating unique Islamic coinage, and fostering architecture like the Dome of the Rock. Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (reigned 685–705) is considered a most powerful ruler for these administrative reforms and Arabization, while al-Walid I (reigned 705-715) oversaw